178 光伏组件边框与背板件
边框为什么还是铝的
光伏组件边框要承受 25 年风载雪载、要安装接地、要保护玻璃边缘。
铝合金在这些方面目前没有对手——强度、耐候、导热、可接地，全是刚需。
塑料边框的想法一直在提，但 25 年寿命和刚度始终过不了关。目前塑料只在护角和局部连接件上替代。
护角与连接件
组件运输和安装时四角最易磕碰，护角走耐候 PA66 或 PE。
护角要能吸收冲击、耐紫外、25 年不脆。另一个增量是卡扣式安装件——
无框双玻组件用塑料卡扣固定，走 PA66-GF30 耐候料，省掉铝边框和接地，在轻量化屋顶项目上有优势。
现场还原：护角的公差故事
2025 年 3 月，嘉兴一家组件厂的采购带了个小件来：光伏组件边框护角，看着不起眼，装机现场却出了批量问题——护角装上后一掰就掉，运输箱里散落一地。
原护角是 PC 料，新供应商为了降价换成了 PA66 料，模具没改。问题就出在这：PA66 的成型收缩率比 PC 大，同一副模具出来的件，尺寸整体小了一圈，卡扣过盈量不足，装上不锁紧。
这个故事小，但把一个行业现实讲透了：边框系统里的塑料件是「配角件」，配角件换料不能只看料性表，要跟着模具公差走。护角、垫块、连接角码这些件，尺寸链上差 0.3 mm 就是装不装得上的区别。
我们帮客户做了两步：先按 PA66 收缩率修模（局部镶件调整，费用不大），再按户外工况把料定成耐候 PA66 专用牌——护角虽然小，但它五年十年贴着边框晒，普通料先粉化，掉一个护角，边框角部就裸晒。
半年后回访，装配合格率回到正常线。组件厂后来定了个小规矩：配角件换料，模具复核先行——这条规矩的成本是修模费，收益是免掉整线的返工。
背板里的尼龙
组件背板是多层复合膜，中间层常用 PA（尼龙）做阻隔层。
PA 的作用有两：阻氧阻水（水汽透过率是 PET 的 1/5）、耐穿刺（保护内部电池片）。
背板用的 PA 一般是 PA6 或共聚尼龙，厚度 25-50 μm。
这是 PA 在光伏里最不为人知但用量很大的位置。
背板失效的机理
背板失效主要是水解和紫外老化。PA 阻隔层在湿热环境下会水解，水解后阻隔性下降，水汽进入组件导致 PID（电势诱导衰减）。
所以背板的 PA 层要做耐水解改性，或者用 PVDF 替代。
双玻组件用玻璃替代背板，本质上就是绕开了这个失效机理。
深一层：边框为什么还是铝的——和它什么时候不是
聊组件边框，绕不开那个大问题：铝边框几十年没被塑料替代，替代的窗口到底在哪。
先说铝为什么稳：结构强度（组件自重加风雪载靠边框撑）、接地连续性（边框是接地回路的一部分）、成熟的阳极氧化供应链、以及三十年验证的耐候。
这四条里前两条是硬门槛，塑料要过，得做到玻璃纤维含量 50% 级的复合料，成本反超铝——账算不过来。
但边框成本的细分里藏着塑料的地盘。第一条是「无边框组件」趋势下的转接件：无框设计用背板密封替代边框，但转角密封、接线盒护套这些塑料件的需求反而涨。
第二条是双玻组件的「短边框化」：边框变小变轻，角部连接件从金属角码转向工程塑料连接块（耐候 PA66 系），塑料用量没降反升。第三条是分布式场景的轻量化边框：铝壁厚减薄后局部补强走塑料贴件。
所以准确的说法不是「塑料替代铝边框」，是「边框在变薄，塑料在填充变薄留下的空隙」。盯这个趋势做产品的供应商，比喊替代口号的活得都好。
材料人在组件边框这条线上的机会，在连接件、护角、密封系统这些「小件做精」的位置上——小件单价低，但一只组件用四到八个，量大、验证周期短、更换灵活，是改性厂很现实的入口。
接线盒底座是塑料的主战场
组件上最大的单个塑料件是接线盒，接线盒壳体走耐候 PPO 或 PA66。
工况是：户外 25 年、内部二极管发热（80-120℃）、阻燃 V-0、IP67 防护、灌胶密封。
灌胶开裂是行业老大难问题——灌封料和壳体的热膨胀不匹配，冷热循环后开裂进水。
轻量化的下一步
组件越做越大（210 mm 硅片、600 W+ 组件），重量成了安装瓶颈。
塑料边框、复合材料边框、无框设计都在推进。现实的路径不是一步替代，而是分段替代：先护角、再卡扣、再短边、最后整框。这个序列里每一段都对应不同的材料要求。
工程实测：4 条强制测试
测试1：水汽透过率。PA 阻隔层水汽透过率是 PET 的 1/5——背板必须含 PA 层。
测试2：背板水解。湿热 2000 h 后未改性 PA 阻隔性下降 50%，耐水解 PA 降 15%。
测试3：灌胶冷热循环。-40℃ 到 85℃ 循环 200 次，柔性灌封无开裂，硬性灌封 50 次开裂。
测试4：护角冲击。耐候 PA66 护角 -20℃ 冲击不裂，普通 PA66 破裂。
追问三连：采购最常问的三件事
一问：背板里真有尼龙吗。 早期背板有 PA 基膜路线（双面 PA 膜结构），后来氟膜路线主导，PA 膜退守低成本市场。这几年透明背板兴起，耐候 PA 基材料在透明背板体系里重新有了位置——背板的材料史就是「氟和 PA 的拉锯史」，问背板料要问清是哪一代结构。
二问：接线盒底座对材料的要求是什么。 接线盒底座是组件上「阻燃加耐候加结构」三重压力最集中的塑料件：V-0 无卤、外晒十年、内部二极管发热要散。主流是 PPO 或耐热 PA 系，接线盒也是组件返修率里塑料件排第一的位置，选料档次不能省。
三问：轻量化下一步在哪。 两条线：边框短边化加塑料连接件（上面说过），还有安装结构塑料化——导轨卡扣、压块、中空垫块，这些安装耗材塑料渗透率已经过半。轻量化从来不是把主结构换掉，是把辅助结构一件一件换成塑料，积少成多。### 算一笔材料账：小件的规模账
组件边框护角这类小件，单件账小到没人在意，但规模账是另一回事。
护角单只 0.35 元，耐候牌 0.42 元，差价 0.07 元。一个年产能 3 GW 的组件厂，年用护角约 2000 万只，差价 140 万元——这就不再是没人看的数字了。
但这 140 万的对价是：外露件十年免粉化，连带边框密封系统的寿命保障，售后端「护角类投诉」清零。组件行业十年质保是通行条款，外露小件的失效全算在整机头上。
规模账还有另一面：护角、垫块这类件的模具和验证投入是一次性的，量越大摊得越薄。年用千万只级别的件，专用牌的验证费摊到单只不足一分钱。
所以小件选材的决策要点恰恰不在单价，在「年用量」和「失效连带」两个数：年用量大、连带失效贵的，专用牌是标准答案；反之通用牌合理。
把这两列数加进 BOM 的评审表，小件的材料档位就不用靠拍脑袋了——光伏行业的材料优化，一半的坑都在这种「单价小到没人看」的位置上。
边界声明
| 工况 | 推荐材料 |
|---|
| 组件护角 | 耐候 PA66 或 PE |
| 无框卡扣件 | PA66-GF30 耐候 |
| 背板阻隔层 | 耐水解 PA6 或共聚 PA |
| 接线盒壳体 | 耐候 PPO 或 PA66 + 柔性灌封 |
| 双玻组件 | 绕开背板水解 |
工程备忘
光伏组件塑料件量产前必须做湿热老化 + 紫外 + 灌胶冷热循环三项。背板的 PA 层要耐水解，否则会引发 PID。
实战案例：常见踩坑与正解
踩坑一：用常规 PA66 做户外组件边框，没加耐候体系，两年就粉化开裂。正解：光伏储能件的设计寿命是 25 年，必须走专用耐候牌号——UV 吸收剂 + HALS + 抗氧剂三件套缺一不可，并且要 3000 h 氙灯老化验证。踩坑二：只看常温强度不看湿热老化后的强度。组件边框装在户外，湿热老化 1000 h 后强度保持率低于 70% 的料不能用。正解：拿湿热老化后的数据选料，不拿常温数据选料。踩坑三：为了过认证临时换料，换完没重新做老化验证，批量装机后集中失效。正解：换料号必须重跑全套老化，这是光伏行业的基本规矩。
反向案例：护角粉化的连锁反应
2024 年 6 月，华东某分布式电站巡检发现一批组件的边框护角粉化脱落，目测比例 8%，打开运输记录一算，实际该批护角装了两年多，粉化率还在爬坡。
护角料是普通 PA66，无耐候体系。单看护角，一只几块钱，全电站换掉也就万把块。
但连锁反应不在护角本身：护角脱落后边框角部裸晒，角部密封胶加速老化，雨季有三块组件出现边框渗水，电池片边缘腐蚀——这三块组件的更换费用，是全部护角费用的十倍。
更麻烦的是责任认定：护角是组件厂外购件，脱落发生在电站侧，组件质保条款里护角属于易损件还是结构件，扯了两个月。
最终电站侧自担了大部分费用，采购方在后续集采里加了一条：所有外露塑料件必须附 3000 小时氙灯报告，护角也不例外。
小件的安全逻辑和大件不一样：小件不直接失效，它失效的方式是「把大件暴露给环境」。给外露小件上耐候体系，买的不是护角的寿命，是边框密封系统的寿命。### 延伸判断：验证顺序不要搞反
组件边框的验证有固定顺序，跳过前面的直接做后面的，等于白做。
第一步验证材料本身：力学、热学、阻燃、电气这几项，确认料号没选错。
第二步验证工艺窗口：同一批料在不同模温、不同保压下打出来的件，性能差异可能超过 20%，工艺窗口要跑出来。
第三步才做整机或整件验证：装到实际工况里跑寿命。很多人的顺序是反的——直接装机跑寿命，不合格了不知道是料的问题还是工艺的问题，于是反复换料，半年出不了结果。
把这三件事写成一张表发给供应商，比打十通电话有用——组件边框的选型沟通成本，基本都花在这几项反复确认上。
补记：三个现场判断信号
信号一：护角一掰就掉、卡扣无过盈感。 先查尺寸链再查料——收缩率不匹配是最常见原因，修模比换料便宜。
信号二：外露件表面起霜。 耐候缺失，整批换耐候牌，同时检查它遮蔽的下层件（密封胶、边框面）有没有连带损伤。
信号三：接线盒底座变色。 热老化信号，盒内温度和料耐温档都查，接线盒失效连带的是整个组串，优先级拉满。### 验证顺序：三步走完再下单
第一步，分内外：外露件按耐候档验，内部结构件按常规档验，两套标准别混。
第二步，对公差：换料先复核收缩率对装配公差的影响，修模费和返工费二选一，前者便宜得多。
第三步，验连带：护角、密封件和被保护面的组合老化做一轮，小件的价值在于保护别人。三步走完，组件小件的材料决策就理顺了。
结语
样品寄出去之后——选料这件事，越早问越省事。
这类件的选料与试模，可以一起聊。
178 Photovoltaic module frames and backsheet components
Why is the frame still made of aluminum?
The photovoltaic module frame must withstand 25 years of wind and snow loads, be grounded, and protect the edges of the glass.
Aluminum alloy currently has no competitors in these aspects—strength, weather resistance, thermal conductivity, and grounding capability are all essential requirements.
The idea of plastic frames has been raised repeatedly, but they have never met the 25-year lifespan and stiffness requirements. Currently, plastic is only used to replace corner protectors and some local connectors.
Corner Protectors and Connectors
The four corners are most prone to bumps during component transportation and installation, so use weather-resistant PA66 or PE for corner protection.
The corner guard must be able to absorb impact, resist UV, and not become brittle for 25 years. Another incremental feature is the snap-on mounting component—
Frameless double-glass modules are fixed with plastic clips, using PA66-GF30 weather-resistant material, eliminating aluminum frames and grounding, which has advantages in lightweight roof projects.
On-Site Reproduction: The Story of Corner Guard Tolerances
In March 2025, a purchasing agent from a module factory in Jiaxing brought a small item: corner protectors for photovoltaic module frames. It looked insignificant, but it caused a batch problem at the installation site—the protectors would fall off as soon as they were installed, scattering all over the transport boxes.
The original protective corner was made of PC material. The new supplier switched to PA66 material to reduce costs, without modifying the mold. This is where the problem arose: PA66 has a higher molding shrinkage rate than PC, so parts produced from the same mold are overall smaller, the snap-fit interference is insufficient, and they do not lock when assembled.
This story is small, but it reveals the reality of an industry: the plastic parts in the frame system are 'supporting parts.' Changing the material of supporting parts cannot be based solely on the material property table; it must follow the mold tolerances. Corner protectors, spacers, and connecting brackets—if the difference in the dimensional chain is 0.3 mm, it determines whether they fit or not.
We helped the customer in two steps: first, we adjusted the mold according to the shrinkage rate of PA66 (with some local inserts adjusted, the cost was not high), and then we specified the material as weather-resistant PA66 for outdoor conditions — although the corner guards are small, they are exposed to the sun attached to the frame for five to ten years. With ordinary material, it would first chalk, and if one corner guard falls off, the frame corners would be exposed to the sun.
Six months later, during a follow-up visit, the assembly pass rate returned to the normal level. Later, the component factory set a small rule: when changing materials for secondary parts, the mold review comes first—the cost of this rule is mold repair fees, and the benefit is avoiding rework for the entire production line.
Nylon in the back panel
The component backplane is a multilayer composite film, with the middle layer commonly made of PA (nylon) as a barrier layer.
PA has two functions: oxygen and water barrier (water vapor transmission rate is 1/5 of PET), and puncture resistance (protecting the internal battery cells).
The PA used for the backplane is generally PA6 or copolymer nylon, with a thickness of 25-50 μm.
This is PA's least known but heavily used position in photovoltaics.
Mechanism of backplane failure
Backsheet failure is mainly due to hydrolysis and UV aging. The PA barrier layer hydrolyzes in humid and hot environments, and after hydrolysis, the barrier performance decreases, allowing water vapor to enter the module and cause PID (potential-induced degradation).
So the PA layer of the backplane needs to be hydrolysis-resistant modified, or replaced with PVDF.
Replacing the backsheet with glass in double-glass modules essentially bypasses this failure mechanism.
A deeper look: why the frame is still aluminum—when has it ever not been?
Talking about component frames, we can't avoid that big issue: aluminum frames haven't been replaced by plastic for decades, so where exactly are the windows for replacement.
First, let's talk about why aluminum is stable: structural strength (the component's own weight plus wind and snow loads supported by the frame), grounding continuity (the frame is part of the grounding loop), a mature anodizing supply chain, and weather resistance verified over thirty years.
The first two of these four points are hard thresholds. For plastic to pass, it has to reach a composite material with a fiberglass content of 50%, which would make the cost exceed that of aluminum—the math just doesn't add up.
But within the breakdown of frame costs lies the territory of plastics. The first is adapters under the 'frameless component' trend: frameless designs use backplane sealing to replace frames, but the demand for plastic parts such as corner seals and junction box covers has actually increased.
The second point is the 'short-sided framing' of double-glass modules: the frame becomes smaller and lighter, and corner connectors shift from metal corner brackets to engineering plastic connectors (weather-resistant PA66 type), with the amount of plastic actually increasing rather than decreasing. The third point is the lightweight frame for distributed scenarios: after the aluminum wall thickness is reduced, local reinforcement is made with plastic attachments.
So, the accurate way to put it is not 'plastic replacing aluminum frames,' but 'the frames are getting thinner, and plastic is filling the gaps left by the thinning.' Suppliers who focus on this trend in their products live better than those who just shout replacement slogans.
Material specialists have opportunities along the component frame line, in positions like connectors, corner guards, and sealing systems where "small parts are made precisely"—small parts are low in unit price, but a single component uses four to eight of them, so the volume is large, the verification cycle is short, and replacement is flexible. This is a very practical entry point for modifier factories.
The base of the junction box is the main battlefield of plastic
The largest single plastic part on the component is the junction box, and the junction box housing uses weather-resistant PPO or PA66.
Operating conditions are: outdoor 25 years, internal diode heating (80-120°C), flame retardant V-0, IP67 protection, potting seal.
Glue cracking is a long-standing problem in the industry—the thermal expansion of the potting material and the casing does not match, causing cracking and water ingress after thermal cycling.
The next step of lightweighting
As the modules get larger (210 mm wafers, 600 W modules), weight has become an installation bottleneck.
Plastic frames, composite frames, and frameless designs are all being promoted. The practical approach is not to replace in one step, but to replace in stages: first the corner guards, then the clips, then the short sides, and finally the whole frame. Each stage in this sequence corresponds to different material requirements.
Engineering Test: 4 Mandatory Tests
Test 1: Water vapor transmission rate. The water vapor transmission rate of the PA barrier layer is 1/5 that of PET — the backsheet must contain a PA layer.
Test 2: Backplane hydrolysis. After 2000 hours of damp heat, the barrier property of unmodified PA decreased by 50%, while water-resistant PA decreased by 15%.
Test 3: Glue filling hot and cold cycle. -40°C to 85°C for 200 cycles, flexible potting had no cracking, rigid potting cracked after 50 cycles.
Test 4: Corner impact. Weather-resistant PA66 corner - does not crack at -20℃ impact, ordinary PA66 cracks.
Three Consecutive Follow-up Questions: The Three Most Common Questions in Procurement
Question: Is there really nylon in the backsheet? Early backsheets had a PA-based film route (double-sided PA film structure), but later the fluorine film route became dominant, with the PA film retreating to the low-cost market. In recent years, transparent backsheets have emerged, and weather-resistant PA base materials have regained a position in transparent backsheet systems—the material history of backsheets is basically a 'tug-of-war between fluorine and PA.' When asking about backsheet materials, you need to clarify which generation of structure it is.
Question 2: What are the material requirements for the junction box base? The junction box base is the plastic part on the module where the 'flame retardant, weather resistance, and structural' triple stresses are most concentrated: V-0 halogen-free, withstands ten years of sun exposure, and needs to dissipate heat from internal diodes. The mainstream materials are PPO or heat-resistant PA series. The junction box is also the plastic part that ranks first in module failure rates, so the material grade cannot be compromised.
Three questions: What is the next step in lightweighting? Two lines: shortening the frame edges plus using plastic connectors (as mentioned above), and also making installation structures plastic — guide rail clips, clamps, hollow spacers. The plastic penetration rate of these installation consumables has already exceeded half. Lightweighting has never meant replacing the main structure; it means replacing the auxiliary structures one by one with plastic, little by little. ### Let's do a materials calculation: the scale of small parts
Small items like component edge protectors are so inexpensive individually that no one pays attention, but it’s a different matter when it comes to large-scale accounting.
Corner protectors cost 0.35 yuan each, and weather-resistant ones cost 0.42 yuan each, a difference of 0.07 yuan. A module factory with an annual production capacity of 3 GW uses about 20 million corner protectors per year, resulting in a difference of 1.4 million yuan — this is no longer a negligible number.
But this 1.4 million price is for: exposed parts guaranteed not to powder for ten years, along with the lifespan assurance of the frame sealing system, and zero 'corner protection complaints' on the after-sales side. A ten-year warranty is a common term in the component industry, and the failure of exposed small parts is fully attributed to the entire machine.
There is another side to scale accounting: for parts like corner protectors and spacers, the investment in molds and validation is one-time, and the more you produce, the thinner the cost is spread. For parts used in the tens of millions per year, the validation cost for dedicated brands comes to less than a cent per piece.
So the key points for selecting materials for small parts are precisely not in the unit price, but in the 'annual usage' and 'failure consequence' numbers: if the annual usage is high and the associated failure is costly, a specialized brand is the standard answer; otherwise, a generic brand is reasonable.
Add these two columns of numbers into the BOM review sheet, so you don't have to guess the material levels for small parts — in the photovoltaic industry, half of the pitfalls in material optimization are in these positions where the unit price is so low that no one pays attention.
Boundary Declaration
| Operating condition | Recommended materials |
|---|
| Component Corner Guard | Weather-resistant PA66 or PE |
| Frameless clip fastener | PA66-GF30 Weather Resistant |
| Backplane Barrier Layer | Hydrolysis-resistant PA6 or copolymer PA |
| Junction box housing | Weather-resistant PPO or PA66 flexible potting |
| double-glass module | Bypass backplane hydrolysis |
Engineering Memo
Before mass production, photovoltaic module plastic parts must undergo three tests: damp heat aging, ultraviolet, and glue encapsulation thermal cycling. The PA layer of the backsheet must be hydrolysis-resistant, otherwise it can cause PID.
Practical Case Study: Common Pitfalls and Correct Solutions
Pitfall 1: Using standard PA66 to make outdoor module frames without adding a weather-resistant system, resulting in chalking and cracking within two years. Correct approach: The design life of photovoltaic energy storage parts is 25 years, so a specialized weather-resistant grade must be used—UV absorbers, HALS, and antioxidants are all indispensable, and a 3000-hour xenon lamp aging test must be conducted. Pitfall 2: Only considering room temperature strength without looking at strength after humid heat aging. If the module frame is installed outdoors, materials whose strength retention is below 70% after 1000 hours of humid heat aging cannot be used. Correct approach: Select materials based on data after humid heat aging, not room temperature data. Pitfall 3: Temporarily changing materials to pass certification without redoing aging tests, leading to concentrated failures after mass installation. Correct approach: Changing material grades requires running the full set of aging tests again; this is a basic rule in the photovoltaic industry.
Reverse Case: Chain Reaction of Corner Powdering
In June 2024, an inspection of a distributed power station in East China found that the corner protectors of a batch of modules were chalking and falling off, with an estimated proportion of 8%. Checking the transportation records, it turns out that this batch of corner protectors had been installed for more than two years, and the chalking rate was still increasing.
The corner guard material is ordinary PA66, without weather-resistant system. Looking only at the corner guards, each costs a few yuan, and replacing all of them in a power plant would only cost around ten thousand yuan.
But the chain reaction does not occur in the corner protectors themselves: after the corner protectors fall off, the corner of the frame is exposed, the sealing glue at the corners ages faster, and during the rainy season, three modules experienced frame leakage and corrosion at the edges of the solar cells — the replacement cost of these three modules is ten times the cost of all the corner protectors.
What’s even more troublesome is determining responsibility: the corner guards are purchased parts from the component manufacturer, the detachment occurred on the power station side, and for two months we argued over whether corner guards are considered consumable parts or structural parts in the component warranty terms.
In the end, the power station side bore most of the costs, and the buyer added a clause in the subsequent collective procurement: all exposed plastic parts must come with a 3000-hour xenon lamp report, and corner protectors are no exception.
The safety logic of small components is different from that of large components: small components do not fail directly; the way they fail is by 'exposing the large components to the environment.' Applying a weather-resistant system to exposed small components is not about buying the lifespan of the corner protectors, but the lifespan of the frame sealing system. ### Extended judgment: Don't reverse the verification order
The validation of the component border has a fixed order; skipping the previous steps and doing the later ones is equivalent to doing nothing.
Step one is to verify the material itself: mechanical, thermal, flame retardant, and electrical properties, to confirm that the part number was not selected incorrectly.
Step 2: Verify the process window: For the same batch of material, parts produced under different mold temperatures and different holding pressures may show performance differences of over 20%, so the process window needs to be determined.
The third step is to perform validation on the whole machine or the entire component: run it under actual working conditions to test its lifespan. Many people do it in the reverse order — they install it in the machine and test its lifespan directly, and if it fails, they won’t know whether the problem is with the materials or the process, leading to repeatedly changing materials and not getting results for half a year.
Write these three things into a table and send it to the supplier; it's more useful than making ten phone calls—the communication cost of selecting component frames mainly comes from repeatedly confirming these items.
Supplementary Note: Three On-Site Judgment Signals
Signal 1: The corner protector falls off with one pinch, and the snap has no interference fit. First check the size chain, then check the material—the most common reason is a mismatch in shrinkage rate. Repairing the mold is cheaper than changing the material.
Signal 2: Frost on the surface of exposed parts. Weather resistance is missing; replace the weather resistance label in bulk and check whether the underlying parts (sealant, frame surface) it covers are damaged.
Signal Three: Discoloration at the base of the junction box. Thermal aging signal; check both the temperature inside the box and the material's temperature rating. If the junction box fails, the entire string is affected, so the priority is set to maximum. ### Verification sequence: complete the three steps before placing an order.
Step one, separate internal and external parts: external exposed parts are inspected according to the weather-resistant standard, internal structural parts are inspected according to the regular standard, and the two sets of standards should not be mixed.
Step two, regarding tolerances for public specifications: Before changing materials, first review the impact of shrinkage rate on assembly tolerances. Choose either mold modification fees or rework fees; the former is much cheaper.
Step three, verify the combination: perform a round of aging for the corner guards, seals, and the surfaces being protected. The value of small parts lies in protecting others. After completing these three steps, the material decision for the assembled small parts is clarified.
Conclusion
After sending out the sample—when it comes to material selection, the earlier you ask, the less trouble it is.
The material selection and mold trial for this type of part can be discussed together.
