235 改性尼龙行业术语速查
开篇先讲个现场
上个月开一场客户的技术对接会，我方报价单里写了几个常规参数：熔指、热变形温度、CTI、干湿态冲击。对方采购是个入职刚满半年的小伙子，全程记笔记，散会之后拉住我们销售，很不好意思地问：你们说的这些词，有没有一本像英汉字典那样的对照手册？我每次查一个词，网上跳出来十种说法，还互相打架。
这件事让我想起自己入行头两年。那时听老同事打电话，满嘴拉料、打样、调湿、缩水，一边点头一边完全不知道在讲什么，又不好意思每句都问。后来靠着一本自己记的术语本熬过来的，哪个词第一次听到、谁说的、什么场景，都记了一笔。那个本子到现在还在抽屉里。
术语这个东西，单独看没有门槛，难在两个地方。一是同一个词在不同厂家的资料里口径不一样，比如同叫冲击强度，有写缺口的、有不写缺口的，差出去一倍都不止；二是很多术语背后藏着一个工况决定，只背词面意思，到了选型现场还是不会用。
这篇速查按场景分了七组：材料类、热学、电气、力学与摩擦、加工、商业、改性类。每组不是干巴巴的词条，而是把最容易踩的口径坑、最容易听岔的行话、以及每个术语背后那个选型判断，一并写出来。
建议第一次通读一遍，之后当字典翻——遇到对不上号的词，直接对照查，五分钟解决问题。
材料类术语
PA：聚酰胺（Polyamide），尼龙的学名。PA6 / PA66：数字表示单体碳原子数，PA6 是单单体、PA66 是双单体。PPA：聚邻苯二甲酰胺，半芳香族高温尼龙的统称。
LFT：长纤维增强热塑性塑料（Long Fiber Thermoplastic）。CF / GF：碳纤维 / 玻璃纤维。
性能类术语（热学）
HDT：热变形温度，短时耐热指标，设计不能直接用作长期温度。RTI：相对温度指数，长期使用的温度上限，设计应该用这个。Tg：玻璃化转变温度，材料从硬变软的转折点。Tm：熔点，结晶性塑料的熔融温度。VST：维卡软化点。
性能类术语（电气）
CTI：相比漏电起痕指数，衡量材料表面耐爬电能力，带电件的关键指标。介电强度：材料被击穿时的电场强度，单位 kV/mm。体积电阻率：材料内部阻止电流的能力。
耐电弧性：材料表面抵抗电弧碳化的能力。GWIT / GWFI：灼热丝起燃温度 / 可燃性指数。
性能类术语（力学与摩擦）
拉伸强度：拉断时的应力。弯曲模量：抵抗弯曲变形的能力，衡量刚性。缺口冲击强度：带缺口试样的冲击韧性，PA 的敏感指标。蠕变：恒定载荷下变形随时间增加。
PV 值：压力（P）× 速度（V），衡量滑动件的承载极限。磨耗量：摩擦试验中的材料损失。
加工类术语
MFR / MVR：熔体质量/体积流动速率，衡量流动性。含水率：材料中的水分含量，PA 加工前必须控制。模温：模具温度，影响结晶和外观。
保压：注射后保持的压力，影响收缩和缩痕。浮纤：玻纤在制品表面富集的缺陷。熔接痕：两股熔体汇合处的痕迹，是强度薄弱点。
谈判桌上的行话攻防
商业类术语不只是名词解释，在谈判桌上它们就是筹码。举个例子，拉料这个行话，指的是按实际需求分批拉货，对应的商业条件是账期后置、库存压力转移给供应商；一次性压货则是反过来的玩法，价格会低几个点，但跌价和呆滞风险全在自己身上。
再比如到厂价和出厂价，一字之差，三百公里的运费和保险就在里面。调价公式这个词更关键——大宗料价格跟着原料波动，签合同的时候没有写清调价机制的，行情一抖，总有一方觉得吃了亏。
给采购的建议是：听到不熟的行话，当场问清口径，别怕丢面子，装懂签回去的合同才是真丢面子。给供应商侧同行的建议是：主动把术语口径写在报价单备注里，你的单子会比别人的好读，好读的单子在中标概率上是有溢价的。语言这个东西，在生意里从来不中立。
商业类术语
正牌料：原厂正规牌号的新料。副牌料：生产中的过渡料或指标边缘料。水口料 / 回料：浇口流道或废品回收粉碎料。大包料：大包装（一般 1 吨袋）而非 25 kg 小包装的料。
COA：产品合格证书（Certificate of Analysis），每批的检测报告。UL 黄卡：UL 认证的材料性能档案。
术语背后是口径
通读这本速查之后你会发现一个规律：术语冲突的背后，几乎都是口径问题。同一个冲击数据，干态湿态差一倍；同一个耐温说法，瞬时和长期差几十度；同一个价格，含税含运和到厂裸价差出几个点。
所以在术语层面之上，还有一层功夫：每次和对方交换数据，先把口径对齐——什么条件测的、什么状态下的、按什么标准。这个习惯能避免九成以上的鸡同鸭讲。文末领取的对照表也按这个思路做了扩展，把每个术语对应的常见口径列在后面，欢迎对照使用。
改性类术语
增强：加纤维提高强度和刚性。增韧：加弹性体提高冲击韧性。填充：加矿物降本或改善刚性尺寸。阻燃：加阻燃剂达到阻燃等级。耐候：加 UV 吸收剂等抵抗老化。
抗水解：加封端剂延缓水解。相容剂：合金中改善两相界面的助剂。偶联剂：改善纤维与树脂界面结合的助剂。
工程实测：4 条强制测试
测试1：RTI vs HDT。RTI 是长期使用温度，HDT 是短时指标——设计用 RTI。
测试2：CTI。带电件必看，溴系阻燃通常只有 250 V。
测试3：PV 值。滑动件的承载极限指标，纯 PA66 约 0.12 MPa·m/s。
测试4：COA。每批检测报告，采购要索取。
边界声明
| 工况 | 推荐材料 |
|---|
| 看长期温度 | 认准 RTI |
| 看带电安全 | 认准 CTI |
| 看滑动承载 | 认准 PV 值 |
| 看批次质量 | 索取 COA |
| 混淆排查 | 对照本表六类术语 |
工程备忘
术语六类：材料 + 热学 + 电气 + 力学 + 加工 + 商业。最容易混淆的三对：RTI/HDT、CTI/阻燃、副牌/回料。
实战案例：常见踩坑与正解
踩坑一：尼龙术语查到了结论但没查适用条件，直接套用出错。任何速查表都有前提，脱离前提的结论都是错的。正解：看到结论先找它成立的条件——温度、介质、时间、载荷类型，四项齐全才敢用。
踩坑二：照抄别人的选型，没考虑自己的工艺能力。同样的料，不同设备和模具打出来效果不同。正解：选型要结合自己的工艺水平，不要选超出设备能力的材料。踩坑三：把速查表当最终依据，不做实际验证。正解：速查表用来缩小范围，最终一定要打样验证。
延伸判断：两个容易混淆的概念
尼龙术语的选料讨论里，有两个概念常年被混淆。第一个是阻燃和绝缘。
阻燃解决的是不起火，绝缘和耐电痕化解决的是不爬电不击穿，这是两件事。
一个料可以阻燃 V-0 但 CTI 只有 250 V，装在带电件上照样出事。
第二个是强度和韧性。玻纤增强提高强度但降低韧性，增韧提高韧性但降低强度和刚性。
同一个件上，结构部位要强度，卡扣部位要韧性，一般要分成两种料，图省事用一种料的结果，不是卡扣断就是本体裂。
把这三件事写成一张表发给供应商，比打十通电话有用——尼龙术语的选型沟通成本，基本都花在这几项反复确认上。
术语问答四则
问：供应商资料上写的耐温一百五十度，能直接用吗？ 先问是哪个口径：热变形温度、熔点、还是长期使用温度，三个数能差出五十度以上。长期使用温度通常是老化数据推的，最有工程意义，其余两个要打折理解。
问：听不懂对方术语，怎么问不失礼？ 直接问：这个词在你们的报告里对应哪个数、什么条件测的。这句话把术语问题转成数据问题，对方也得说人话，谁都不尴尬。
问：术语写进采购合同要注意什么？ 附口径定义。把每个关键术语的测试标准、条件、判定值作为合同附件，将来扯皮的空间就没了。合同里裸写术语，等于埋雷。
问：行业新词太多怎么跟？ 盯标准更新比盯新词有效。新词多是营销语，标准新增项才是实打实的口径变化，两三年看一次自己行业相关标准的版本变化，术语就跟上了。
新人一周行话过关计划
给刚入行的采购排一个一周计划。头一天过材料类：把常用基材和增强体系的说法记熟，能听懂玻纤、碳纤、矿物增强这些基本盘。第二天过热学：熔点、热变形、维卡三个词的口径差别弄明白。第三天过电气和力学：CTI、漏电、干湿态冲击，把条件意识建立起来。
第四天过加工：打样、调机、锁模、熔指，注塑车间的语言要学会听。第五天过商业：含税、到厂、账期、调价公式，这些词直接连着钱。周末给自己来一场模拟：找份真实报价单，逐行读出每个词的意思和口径。一周下来，你开会不再只是记笔记的人。
术语速查的维护方法
速查表不是一次编完就完了，给它定三条维护规则。第一条：新词进表有门槛，必须写清出处和口径，谁第一次听到的、在什么文件上看到的，记一行来源，杜绝以讹传讹。第二条：每季度清一次表，把定义有更新、标准有改版的词条标出来核对，标准改一个字，口径可能差一截。
第三条：表要共享，团队共一份在线文档，谁都可以补充、定期有人审，私藏在小本本里的术语，离职那天就跟着走了。术语表看起来是个小工具，用上三年，它会变成团队的知识底座——新人上手快、跨部门吵架少、对外沟通口径统一，全在这几十个词条里。
口径清单挂到报价单后面
术语速查最有价值的用法，是把它精简成一张口径清单，附在每张对外报价单后面：本次报价的性能数据对应什么测试条件、什么状态、什么标准版本，一页列清。客户拿到单子不用来回确认，比价的效率高了，来回扯皮也少了。
有客户反馈，这张清单让他们的中标率都变高了——因为同行的报价单里只有数字，他们的单子里还有确定性。术语管理的终点不是让人懂行话，是让生意里少一句这什么意思，多一句就按这个来。
还有一个提示：不同地区的同行对同一个词的用法也有差异，南方某些厂说的打样和北方某些厂说的打样，交付物可能一个是手板样一个是模具样。跨区域合作时，口径清单更要带上，最好在第一次会议上就把关键术语的定义对一遍。语言的地域差，和口径的技术差一样，都是可以提前拆掉的雷。
结语
三年五年之后还那样——选料这件事，越早问越省事。
这类件的选料与试模，可以一起聊。
235 Quick Reference of Terminology in the Modified Nylon Industry
Let's start with a live scene
Last month, we held a technical meeting with a client. In our quotation, we listed several standard parameters: melt flow index, heat deflection temperature, CTI, and impact strength in dry and wet conditions. The client's purchaser was a young guy who had only been on the job for six months. He took notes throughout the meeting, and after it ended, he pulled aside our salesperson and awkwardly asked: 'Do you have a reference manual like an English-Chinese dictionary for the terms you mentioned? Every time I look up a term, I find ten different translations online, and they contradict each other.'
This incident reminded me of my first two years in the industry. Back then, whenever I listened to senior colleagues making phone calls, they were full of chatter about sample making, proofs, humidity adjustment, shrinkage, and while I nodded along, I had no idea what they were talking about, yet felt too embarrassed to ask about every term. Later, I managed to get through it with a terminology notebook I had kept myself, noting down every term I heard for the first time, who said it, and in what context. That notebook is still in my drawer today.
Terminology itself, when looked at in isolation, has no threshold; the difficulty lies in two areas. First, the same term has different definitions in materials from different manufacturers. For instance, the term 'impact strength' may include a notch in some cases and not in others, resulting in a difference of more than double. Second, many terms are actually determined by specific working conditions behind them. Simply memorizing the literal meaning of the term will not help in practice when selecting components on site.
This quick reference is divided into seven groups by scenario: materials, thermodynamics, electrical, mechanics and friction, processing, business, and modification. Each group is not just dry entries, but also includes the most common pitfalls in terminology, the jargon that is easiest to mishear, and the selection decisions behind each term.
It is recommended to read through it once the first time, and afterwards use it as a dictionary—when you encounter words that don't match, directly look them up for a quick five-minute solution.
Material Terminology
PA: Polyamide, the scientific name for nylon. PA6 / PA66: The numbers indicate the number of carbon atoms in the monomer, PA6 is a single monomer, PA66 is a double monomer. PPA: Polyphthalamide, a general term for semi-aromatic high-temperature nylon.
LFT: Long Fiber Thermoplastic. CF / GF: Carbon Fiber / Glass Fiber.
Performance Terms (Thermal)
HDT: Heat Deflection Temperature, a short-term heat resistance index; it cannot be directly used for long-term design. RTI: Relative Temperature Index, the upper limit of temperature for long-term use; this should be used for design. Tg: Glass Transition Temperature, the turning point where the material changes from hard to soft. Tm: Melting Point, the melting temperature of crystalline plastics. VST: Vicat Softening Point.
Performance Terms (Electrical)
CTI: Compared to the tracking index, it measures the surface tracking resistance of the material and is a key indicator for live parts. Dielectric strength: the electric field strength when the material is broken down, in kV/mm. Volume resistivity: the ability of the material to resist current internally.
Arc resistance: the material surface's ability to resist arc carbonization. GWIT / GWFI: Glow-wire ignition temperature / Flammability index.
Performance Terms (Mechanics and Friction)
Tensile strength: the stress at the point of fracture. Flexural modulus: the ability to resist bending deformation, measuring rigidity. Notched impact strength: the impact toughness of a notched specimen, a sensitive indicator for PA. Creep: the increase in deformation over time under a constant load.
PV value: Pressure (P) × Velocity (V), measuring the load limit of sliding components. Wear amount: Material loss in a friction test.
Processing Terminology
MFR / MVR: Melt mass/volume flow rate, measures fluidity. Moisture content: the water content in the material, must be controlled before processing PA. Mold temperature: mold temperature, affects crystallization and appearance.
Holding pressure: the pressure maintained after injection, which affects shrinkage and sink marks. Float fiber: a defect where glass fibers accumulate on the surface of the product. Weld line: the mark at the junction of two streams of molten material, a point of weak strength.
Jargon Offense and Defense at the Negotiation Table
Business terminology is not just about definitions; at the negotiation table, they are bargaining chips. For example, the jargon 'pulling materials' refers to purchasing goods in batches according to actual demand. The corresponding business terms are delayed payment periods and transferred inventory pressure to the supplier. On the other hand, buying in bulk at once is the opposite approach: the price is a few points lower, but the risks of price drops and obsolescence fall entirely on oneself.
For example, there’s the difference between factory price and ex-factory price. A single character changes everything — including 300 kilometers of freight and insurance. The term ‘price adjustment formula’ is even more crucial — the price of bulk materials fluctuates with the raw materials. If the contract doesn’t clearly specify the price adjustment mechanism, whenever the market shifts, one party will always feel they’ve been at a disadvantage.
The advice for buyers is: when you hear unfamiliar jargon, ask for clarification on the spot; don’t be afraid of losing face—signing a contract pretending to understand is the real loss of face. The advice for suppliers to their peers is: proactively write the definitions of terms in the notes on the quotation sheet; your sheet will be easier to read than others, and a more readable sheet carries a premium in terms of winning bids. Language, in business, is never neutral.
Business terminology
Authentic material: New material with the original factory's standard brand. Secondary material: Transitional material or material on the edge of specifications during production. Sprue material / recycled material: Material crushed and recycled from sprues, runners, or defective products. Bulk material: Material in large packaging (usually 1-ton bags) rather than 25 kg small packages.
COA: Certificate of Analysis, the test report of each batch. UL Yellow Card: UL certified material performance file.
Behind the terminology is the caliber
After reading through this quick reference book, you will notice a pattern: behind terminology conflicts, it is almost always a matter of caliber. The same impact data can differ by a factor of two between dry and wet states; the same temperature tolerance can differ by dozens of degrees between instantaneous and long-term measurements; the same price can vary by several points between tax-included shipping and ex-factory bare prices.
So beyond the terminology level, there is another layer of effort: every time you exchange data with the other party, first align the criteria—under what conditions it was measured, in what state, according to what standard. This habit can prevent more than ninety percent of misunderstandings. The reference table at the end of the article has also been expanded based on this approach, listing the common criteria corresponding to each term, and you are welcome to use it for comparison.
Modified-type terminology
Reinforcement: adding fibers to improve strength and rigidity. Toughening: adding elastomers to improve impact toughness. Filling: adding minerals to reduce cost or improve rigidity and dimensions. Flame retardant: adding flame retardants to achieve fire-retardant levels. Weather resistance: adding UV absorbers, etc., to resist aging.
Hydrolysis resistance: Add end-capping agents to delay hydrolysis. Compatibilizer: An additive that improves the interface between two phases in the alloy. Coupling agent: An additive that improves the bonding between fibers and resin.
Engineering field measurement: 4 mandatory tests
Test 1: RTI vs HDT. RTI is the long-term use temperature, HDT is a short-term indicator — design using RTI.
Test 2: CTI. Must-read for live parts, brominated flame retardants usually only 250 V.
Test 3: PV value. The load limit index of the slider, pure PA66 is about 0.12 MPa·m/s.
Test 4: COA. The inspection report for each batch needs to be requested by purchasing.
Boundary Declaration
| Operating condition | Recommended materials |
|---|
| Look at the long-term temperature | Recognize RTI |
| Observe electrical safety | Recognize CTI |
| Check sliding bearing | Look for the PV value |
| Check batch quality | Request COA |
| Obfuscation Troubleshooting | Compare with the six categories of terms in this table |
Engineering Memo
Six categories of terms: materials, thermal, electrical, mechanical, processing, commercial. The three most easily confused pairs: RTI/HDT, CTI/flame retardant, off-brand/recycled material.
Practical Case Study: Common Pitfalls and Correct Solutions
Pitfall 1: Looking up nylon terminology and arriving at a conclusion without checking the applicable conditions, then directly applying it and making a mistake. Any quick reference table has prerequisites, and conclusions taken out of context are all wrong. Correct approach: When you see a conclusion, first find the conditions under which it is valid—temperature, medium, time, and type of load; only when all four are clear should you dare to use it.
Pitfall 2: Copying someone else's material selection without considering your own process capability. The same material will have different results with different equipment and molds. Correct approach: Choose materials based on your own process level, and do not select materials beyond your equipment's capability. Pitfall 3: Treating quick reference tables as the final basis without actual testing. Correct approach: Use quick reference tables to narrow down options, but always verify with actual samples in the end.
Extended Judgment: Two Easily Confused Concepts
In discussions about material selection in nylon terminology, there are two concepts that are often confused for years. The first is flame retardant and insulation.
Flame retardancy addresses not catching fire, while insulation and resistance to electrical tracking address not creeping or breaking down; these are two different things.
A material can be flame retardant V-0, but if the CTI is only 250 V, it can still cause problems when installed on live components.
The second is strength and toughness. Glass fiber reinforcement increases strength but decreases toughness, while toughening increases toughness but decreases strength and stiffness.
On the same part, the structural areas need strength, while the snap-fit areas need toughness. Generally, two different materials are required. If only one material is used to save trouble, the result is either the snap-fit breaking or the main body cracking.
Write these three things into a table and send it to the supplier; it's more useful than making ten phone calls—the communication cost of selecting nylon terminology is basically spent on repeatedly confirming these items.
Q&A on Terminology
Q: The supplier information states a temperature resistance of 150 degrees. Can it be used directly? First, ask which standard it refers to: heat deflection temperature, melting point, or long-term usage temperature. The three values can differ by more than 50 degrees. The long-term usage temperature is usually derived from aging data and has the most engineering significance. The other two should be interpreted with a discount.
Q: If I don't understand the other party's terminology, how can I ask without being rude? Directly ask: Which number in your report does this term correspond to, and under what conditions was it measured? This sentence turns the terminology issue into a data question, so the other party has to speak plainly as well, and no one feels awkward.
Question: What should be paid attention to when writing terms into a procurement contract? Attached are definitions of the terms. Include the test standards, conditions, and judgment values for each key term as an appendix to the contract, so there will be no room for disputes in the future. Writing terms plainly in the contract is like planting a landmine.
Q: How to keep up with too many new terms in the industry? Keeping an eye on standard updates is more effective than following new terms. Many new terms are marketing language, while the additions in standards represent real changes in terminology. Check the changes in the versions of standards related to your industry every two or three years, and you will keep up with the terminology.
Newcomer's One-Week Jargon Mastery Plan
Make a one-week plan for a newly hired purchaser. On the first day, cover materials: memorize the common terms for base materials and reinforcement systems, and be able to understand the basics like fiberglass, carbon fiber, and mineral reinforcement. On the second day, cover thermal properties: understand the differences in the terms melting point, heat deflection, and Vicat. On the third day, cover electrical and mechanical properties: CTI, leakage, and impact in dry and wet conditions, and establish a sense of the conditions involved.
Day Four in processing: sample making, machine adjustment, mold locking, sprue trimming—you need to learn to understand the language of the injection workshop. Day Five in business: including tax, delivery to factory, payment terms, price adjustment formula—these words are directly related to money. Over the weekend, give yourself a simulation: find a real quotation sheet and read out the meaning and standard of each word line by line. After a week, you will no longer be just the person taking notes in meetings.
Maintenance Methods for Terminology Quick Reference
A quick reference sheet is not finished once it is compiled; set three maintenance rules for it. The first: there is a threshold for adding new words to the sheet; you must clearly write the source and scope, noting who heard it first and which document it appeared in—record one line of the source to prevent misinformation. The second: review the sheet once every quarter, marking and checking entries with updated definitions or revised standards; even changing one word in the standard can significantly alter the scope.
Article 3: The glossary should be shared, with the team using a single online document that anyone can add to and which is reviewed regularly. Terminology kept privately in personal notebooks will leave with the person on their last day. The glossary may seem like a small tool, but after three years of use, it will become the team's knowledge foundation—helping newcomers get up to speed quickly, reducing interdepartmental arguments, and ensuring consistent communication externally, all encapsulated in these dozens of entries.
Attach the caliber list to the back of the quotation sheet
The most valuable use of a terminology quick reference is to condense it into a checklist to attach to each external quotation: the performance data in this quotation corresponds to what test conditions, what status, and which standard version, all listed on one page. When clients receive the sheet, they don't need to repeatedly confirm, making price comparison more efficient and reducing back-and-forth disputes.
Some clients have feedback that this list has increased their winning rate—because other competitors' quotations only have numbers, while theirs also have certainty. The ultimate goal of terminology management is not to make people understand jargon, but to have fewer 'what does this mean' questions in business and more agreement on 'just follow this'.
One more tip: peers in different regions may use the same word differently. What some factories in the south call a sample and what some factories in the north call a sample might result in deliverables that are either a hand prototype or a mold prototype. When cooperating across regions, it's even more important to bring an alignment list, and it's best to go over the definitions of key terms in the first meeting. Regional language differences, like technical differences in standards, are pitfalls that can be eliminated in advance.
Conclusion
Even three or five years later, it will still be like that—when it comes to choosing materials, the earlier you ask, the less trouble it is.
The material selection and mold trial for this type of part can be discussed together.
