塑料改性助剂大全：20类助剂一张速查表，0.1%到30%的添加量里藏着材料的寿命和成本

年底盘账，一家中型改性厂的老板盯着报表发呆——助剂只占原料成本的3%，可因助剂选型不当导致的退货、返工、客诉，吃掉了全年约15%的净利润。抗氧剂少加0.05%黄变了，阻燃剂体系没选对UL没过，相容剂用量不够合金分层了……每一笔都是小钱惹出的大麻烦。

助剂之于塑料，就像味精之于汤——一勺不多，但缺了就寡淡。

把助剂这盘棋摆开看，才知道门道在哪。宁波市科隆新材料有限公司长期经营各类塑料助剂及改性原料，覆盖国内外多品牌货源，牌号与批次信息以实际供货渠道为准。

全20类助剂目录索引：从抗氧化到除味，一张地图看完

下面是20类助剂的完整目录，按功能逻辑排列：先“护”（防老化、稳加工），再“改”（改流变、改界面、改外观），后“特”（阻燃、增韧、抗静电、专用）。需要深入某一类时，可对照本系列对应的单篇精读。

01 抗氧剂｜02 光稳定剂｜03 热稳定剂｜04 润滑剂｜05 脱模剂

06 分散剂｜07 偶联剂｜08 相容剂｜09 成核剂｜10 阻燃剂

11 增韧剂｜12 抗静电剂｜13 发泡剂｜14 着色剂｜15 抗菌剂

16 增塑剂｜17 抗水解剂｜18 扩链剂/流变改性剂｜19 爽滑剂/开口剂/防粘连剂｜20 除味剂/吸湿剂

这份目录的读法很简单：先按制品遇到的问题反查类别——变黄变脆找护类，发粘变形找改类，阻燃导电发泡找特类，气味潮气找收尾类。每一类在本系列都有一篇单独展开机理、逐品种和选型清单。

图1　塑料改性助剂——20类助剂一图速览

助剂在改性塑料里的角色：别拿味精当配角看

很多刚入行的人把助剂当“可有可无的添加剂”，这是最大的误解。基体树脂决定了材料的“底子”，助剂决定了材料的“上限”。一吨PP树脂三千多块，加几公斤抗氧剂、成核剂、润滑剂，料的耐热、刚韧、表面就能上一个台阶。行业里管这叫“味精逻辑”：味精不占汤的体积，可没它汤就是淡的。

助剂总成本约占改性塑料吨成本的1%-5%，却常常决定了制品是用三年还是三个月。

更关键的是，助剂之间是“打架”和“搭伙”并存的。抗氧剂和光稳定剂要搭伙上，效果才稳；阻燃剂和抗氧剂可能“打架”，得重新平衡；爽滑剂加过量会影响印刷附着。所以改性不是把助剂一个个堆上去，而是搭一个互相兼容、各守其位的体系。

从0.1%的抗氧剂到30%的阻燃剂，添加量差三百倍，却都叫“助剂”。

把这层逻辑想透，选型就不会跑偏：先想清楚这块料要过哪几关——耐不耐热、耐不耐晒、燃不燃、冲不冲得动、静不静电、收不收得了卷、闻不闻得见味，再为每一关配对应的助剂。反过来，拿着某一种助剂到处找用途，多半是用错了地方。配方是“需求”驱动的，不是“手里有啥”驱动的。

20类分类总表：类别/品种/功能/基材/添加量

这张表是全文的核心，把20类助剂的代表品种、主要功能、典型基材和典型添加比例一次列清。选型时先在这里定大类，再去单篇精读。

编号	类别	代表品种	主要功能	典型基材	添加比例
01	抗氧剂	1010/168	抑制热氧老化黄变	PP/PE/ABS	0.1%-0.5%
02	光稳定剂	HALS/UV吸收剂	抗光氧老化	PP户外件	0.1%-0.5%
03	热稳定剂	钙锌/有机锡	PVC加工稳定	PVC	1%-5%
04	润滑剂	EBS/PE蜡/硬脂酸	内外润滑平衡	通用	0.2%-1.0%
05	脱模剂	硅酮/蜡类	防粘模易脱模	注塑通用	0.1%-0.5%
06	分散剂	蜡类/EVA分散剂	颜料填料分散	着色填充	0.3%-1.0%
07	偶联剂	硅烷KH-550	无机填料界面偶联	玻纤/矿物填充	0.3%-1.0%(按填料)
08	相容剂	PP-g-MAH	塑料合金相容	合金/回收料	2%-10%
09	成核剂	山梨醇/有机磷酸盐	调结晶提速增刚	PP	0.1%-0.3%
10	阻燃剂	溴/磷/氮系	阻燃自保	电子电器	8%-30%
11	增韧剂	POE/MBS	提升抗冲击	PP/PVC/合金	5%-20%
12	抗静电剂	季铵盐/炭黑	消除静电	包装/电子	0.5%-3%
13	发泡剂	AC/超临界CO2	发泡减重	鞋底/板材	0.1%-1%
14	着色剂	钛白/炭黑/颜料	赋予颜色	通用	0.5%-3%
15	抗菌剂	银离子/锌	抗菌抑菌	家电/日用	0.5%-1%
16	增塑剂	非邻苯/邻苯类	增塑软化	PVC	按配方10%-40%
17	抗水解剂	碳化二亚胺CDI	湿热下耐水解	PET/PBT/PA	0.5%-2%
18	扩链剂	环氧ADR	回收料增粘提分子量	回收PET	0.1%-0.5%
19	爽滑开口剂	芥酸酰胺/二氧化硅	薄膜爽滑防粘连	PE/PP薄膜	0.05%-0.3%
20	除味吸湿剂	沸石/分子筛	除味干燥	回收料	0.1%-2%

注：表中数据为行业通用区间整理，具体牌号性能以厂家官方TDS和批次COA为准。添加比例随基材、工况、客户要求浮动。

关键搭配要点：四条铁律记牢

助剂不是孤立使用的，下面四条是跨品类反复验证的搭配规律。

◆ 抗氧+光稳必搭伙：户外件别单上抗氧剂，HALS捕自由基+UV吸收剂屏蔽+抗氧剂辅助，三重协同才扛得住日晒雨淋。

◆ 偶联剂≠相容剂：偶联剂管“无机填料↔树脂”，低分子；相容剂管“树脂↔树脂合金”，高分子。别拿错角色。

◆ 润滑剂讲内外平衡：内润滑降粘度、外润滑防粘模，内不足易分解、外不足粘模表面粗，过量会喷霜。

◆ 回收料要补账：回料里抗氧剂、增韧剂已消耗一部分，回料比例高时要按比例补加，否则越回越脆。

改性塑料配方的功夫，八成藏在助剂这零点几到几个百分点里。

不同基材标准套餐表：拿基材对配方

不同树脂“吃”助剂的习惯完全不同。下面这张表把常见基材的标配助剂套餐列出来，新配方先照这个打底再微调。

基材	标准助剂套餐	关键提醒
PP	1010/168+润滑剂（可选成核/光稳/偶联）	最“吃助剂”的基材，户外件补光稳
PA6/PA66	1098/168+润滑+吸湿剂	加工前务必烘干，易吸水
PC/ABS	PC端抗氧+润滑	PC易水解，注意干燥
PBT	抗氧+润滑+封端/抗水解剂	易热降解，严控加工温度
ABS	抗氧+润滑	耐热一般，控温为主

别一提改性就盯着基材牌号较劲，配方输多半输在助剂这一环。

把这张套餐表当成起点而非终点：它是多数常规制品的安全基线。一旦客户提出更高要求——比如汽车件要低VOC、家电件要耐候、儿童用品要食品接触——就在这套基线上往上加对应助剂，并重新跑小试验证。基线打底，增量按需，这是改性配方最稳的打法。

成本视角与价格带：钱花在哪、怎么省

助剂总成本约占改性塑料吨成本的1%-5%，看起来不多，但内部结构差很多。常用助剂价格带（元/kg）：抗氧剂1010/168约30-60、HALS944约60-100、硅酮母粒约25-45、偶联剂KH-560约40-80、相容剂PP-g-MAH约15-35。真正吃成本的，是那些添加量大的阻燃剂、增韧剂、相容剂——它们动辄5%到30%，单价乘用量才是大头。

省钱的思路不是一味挑低价助剂，而是把钱花在刀刃上：添加量小、决定性能的抗氧剂、成核剂别省；添加量大的阻燃、增韧剂才是议价重点。下面这张价格带表帮你建立成本直觉。

助剂品类	价格带(元/kg，随行情波动)	成本敏感度
抗氧剂1010/168	约30-60	低（添加0.2%-0.4%）
光稳定剂HALS944	约60-100	低
偶联剂KH-560	约40-80	中（按填料量计）
相容剂PP-g-MAH	约15-35	中高（添加2%-10%）
硅酮母粒	约25-45	中
阻燃剂/增韧剂	随体系差异大	高（添加8%-30%，吨成本大头）

作为长期经营各类塑料助剂及改性原料的渠道，科隆新材覆盖国内外多品牌货源，可按客户实际配方做品类组合，把吨成本结构算清楚再下单。

料好不好，助剂见分晓。

采购与合规总原则：三查一留底

助剂采购的坑，往往不在价格，而在批次和文件。行业里的总原则可以归纳成“三查一留底”：查批次稳定性（同牌号多批次对比）、查合规文件（FDA、GB 4806、RoHS、REACH、UL黄卡按用途索取）、查应用验证（先小试平行对比再放量）；一留底是把每批COA和检测报告归档，出问题能追溯。

选渠道同理：品类全不全、批次稳不稳、文件齐不齐，比单价那一两块钱重要得多。科隆新材常规品类可稳定供货、按客户指定批次发货，随货附批次报告，选型阶段可先公斤级试样，先试样后下单。

助剂不站在台前，却在每一次老化、每一次冲击里替材料扛着。

每类助剂精读指引：按需深入

这篇总览管的是“全貌”，具体到某一类助剂的机理、逐品种速查、替代对照、行业场景和选型清单，请看本系列对应的单篇：做耐候看01抗氧剂与02光稳定剂；做填充增强看07偶联剂与08相容剂；做户外看09成核与02光稳；做安全件看10阻燃剂与11增韧剂；做回收料看18扩链剂与20除味吸湿剂；做薄膜看19爽滑开口剂。单篇里有逐品种参数、替代对照表和FAQ。

改性有术，助剂为纲。

助剂这门课，先搭框架再抠细节

做助剂选型，最怕的是东拼西凑——今天听供应商说这个好，明天看同行用那个，配方越调越乱。科隆新材的思路是先帮客户把20类助剂的框架搭起来：哪些是必加的、哪些是可选的、哪些之间有协同或冲突，理清楚再逐个定牌号。常规助剂品类可稳定供货，随货附批次报告和合规文件，选型阶段可按公斤级寄送样品。

去年，华南一家做PP改性的厂找到科隆新材，说退货率一直降不下来。科隆吴经理把他们过去半年的退货单按原因分类，发现六成出在助剂体系——抗氧剂复配不对导致黄变、润滑剂过量导致喷霜、光稳定剂只加了UV吸收剂没加HALS。重新梳理配方后，退货率从约8%降到接近2%，老板说早知道先把助剂体系理一遍，能省一辆车的钱。

你的配方里，助剂是凑数的还是挑过的？

声明：本文涉及的品牌、商标及产品名称权归各自原厂所有。本文为第三方选材知识分享，文中提及的牌号、参数、价格、认证及应用案例仅供参考，具体以各生产企业官方最新资料及批次检测报告为准。本文不构成任何采购或投资建议，读者据此操作风险自担。

At the end-of-year accounting, the owner of a medium-sized modified materials factory stared blankly at the reports—additives only account for 3% of raw material costs, but returns, rework, and customer complaints caused by improper additive selection ate up about 15% of the annual net profit. Adding 0.05% too little antioxidant caused yellowing, choosing the wrong flame retardant system failed UL certification, insufficient compatibilizer caused alloy delamination... each small expense led to big trouble.

Additives are to plastics what MSG is to soup—a little goes a long way, but without it, it's bland.

Only by looking at the whole picture of additives can one understand where the key lies. Ningbo Kolon New Materials Co., Ltd. has long been engaged in various plastic additives and modified raw materials, covering multiple domestic and international brands, with grades and batch information subject to the actual supply channels.

Index of All 20 Types of Additives: From Antioxidants to Deodorants, See It All on One Map

Below is the complete list of 20 types of additives, arranged according to functional logic: first 'Protection' (anti-aging, processing stabilization), then 'Modification' (rheology modification, interface modification, appearance modification), and finally 'Special' (flame retardant, toughening, antistatic, specialized). When you need to dive deeper into a specific category, you can refer to the corresponding individual detailed reading in this series.

01 Antioxidant｜02 Light Stabilizer｜03 Heat Stabilizer｜04 Lubricant｜05 Release Agent

06 Dispersant｜07 Coupling Agent｜08 Compatibilizer｜09 Nucleating Agent｜10 Flame Retardant

11 Toughening Agent｜12 Antistatic Agent｜13 Foaming Agent｜14 Colorant｜15 Antibacterial Agent

16 Plasticizer｜17 Hydrolysis Inhibitor｜18 Chain Extender/Rheology Modifier｜19 Slip Agent/Antiblocking Agent/Anti-Sticking Agent｜20 Deodorizer/Humectant

The way to read this catalog is very simple: First, check the category based on the problem encountered with the product — for yellowing and brittleness, look for the protection category; for stickiness and deformation, look for the modification category; for flame retardancy, conductivity, and foaming, look for the special category; for odor and moisture, look for the finishing category. Each category in this series has a separate article that explains the mechanism, item by item, along with a selection list.

Figure 1 Plastic Modification Additives – A Quick Overview of 20 Types of Additives

The role of additives in modified plastics: Don't treat them like a side character

Many newcomers to the industry regard additives as 'optional extras,' which is the biggest misconception. The base resin determines the 'foundation' of the material, while additives determine the 'ceiling.' A ton of PP resin costs more than three thousand yuan; adding a few kilograms of antioxidant, nucleating agent, and lubricant can elevate the material's heat resistance, rigidity, and surface quality. In the industry, this is called the 'MSG logic': MSG doesn't occupy the volume of the soup, but without it, the soup would be bland.

The total cost of additives accounts for about 1%-5% of the cost per ton of modified plastics, yet it often determines whether the products last for three years or three months.

More importantly, the additives both 'clash' and 'team up' with each other. Antioxidants and light stabilizers need to team up to ensure stable effects; flame retardants and antioxidants may 'clash' and need to be rebalanced; adding excessive lubricants can affect printing adhesion. Therefore, modification is not about piling on additives one by one, but about creating a system where they are compatible with each other and each plays its proper role.

From 0.1% antioxidants to 30% flame retardants, the addition amount differs by three hundred times, yet they are all called 'additives'.

Think this logic through, and you won’t go off track in choosing materials: first, clearly figure out which hurdles the material needs to pass—heat resistance, sun resistance, flammability, impact strength, static electricity, rollability, and odor detection—then match corresponding additives to each hurdle. Conversely, taking a certain additive and looking for uses for it usually means it will be used in the wrong place. Formulation is 'driven by demand,' not 'driven by whatever you have on hand.'

Category 20 Classification General Table: Category/Variety/Function/Base Material/Additive Amount

This table is the core of the entire text, listing at once the representative varieties, main functions, typical substrates, and typical addition ratios of 20 types of additives. When selecting, first determine the major category here, and then read the individual articles carefully.

Number	Category	Representative varieties	Main Function	Typical substrate	Add ratio
One	Antioxidant	1010/168	Inhibit thermal-oxidative aging and yellowing	PP/PE/ABS	0.1%-0.5%
Two	Light stabilizer	HALS/UV Absorber	Light and oxygen aging resistance	PP Outdoor Parts	0.1%-0.5%
Three	Heat stabilizer	Calcium zinc/organic tin	PVC processing is stable	PVC	1%-5%
Four	Lubricant	EBS/PE wax/stearic acid	Internal and external lubrication balance	General	0.2%-1.0%
Five	Release agent	Silicone/Wax	Non-stick mold, easy demolding	General injection molding	0.1%-0.5%
Six	Dispersant	Wax/EVA Dispersant	Pigment and filler dispersion	Color fill	0.3%-1.0%
Seven	Coupling agent	Silane KH-550	Inorganic filler interface coupling	Glass fiber/mineral filled	0.3%-1.0% (by filler)
Eight	Compatibilizer	PP-g-MAH	Plastic alloy compatibility	Alloy/Recycled Material	2%-10%
Nine	Nucleating agent	Sorbitol/Organophosphate	Accelerate crystallization and increase rigidity	PP	0.1%-0.3%
Ten	Flame retardant	Bromine/Phosphorus/Nitrogen-based	Flame-retardant self-insurance	Electronics and electrical appliances	8%-30%
Eleven	Toughening agent	POE/MBS	Enhance impact resistance	PP/PVC/Alloy	5%-20%
Twelve	Antistatic agent	Quaternary Ammonium Salt / Carbon Black	Eliminate static electricity	Packaging/Electronics	0.5%-3%
Thirteen	Foaming agent	AC/Supercritical CO2	Foam weight reduction	Sole / Plate Material	0.1%-1%
Fourteen	Colorant	Titanium dioxide / Carbon black / Pigment	Give color	General	0.5%-3%
Fifteen	Antibacterial agent	Silver ion/Zinc	Antibacterial and antimicrobial	Home Appliances / Daily Use	0.5%-1%
Sixteen	Plasticizer	Non-ortho/ortho types	Plasticizing and softening	PVC	According to the formula 10%-40%
Seventeen	Anti-hydrolytic agent	Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI)	Hydrolysis under damp heat	PET/PBT/PA	0.5%-2%
Eighteen	chain extender	Epoxy ADR	Recycled material increases viscosity and improves molecular weight	Recycling PET	0.1%-0.5%
Nineteen	Smooth Emulsifier	Erucamide/Silica	Smooth film, prevents sticking	PE/PP film	0.05%-0.3%
Twenty	Deodorizing and moisture-absorbing agent	Zeolite/Molecular Sieve	Deodorizing and drying	Recycled material	0.1%-2%

Note: The data in the table are compiled from commonly used industry ranges; the performance of specific grades is subject to the manufacturer's official TDS and batch COA. The addition ratio varies with the substrate, working conditions, and customer requirements.

Key Collocation Points: Remember the Four Iron Rules

Additives are not used in isolation; the following four points are pairing rules repeatedly verified across categories.

◆ Antioxidants and light stabilizers must be teamed up: Do not rely solely on antioxidants for outdoor parts. HALS captures free radicals, UV absorbers block them, and antioxidants provide assistance. Only the triple synergy can withstand sun and rain exposure.

◆ Coupling agent ≠ compatibilizer: Coupling agents handle 'inorganic filler ↔ resin', low molecular weight; compatibilizers handle 'resin ↔ resin alloy', high molecular weight. Don't mix up their roles.

◆ Lubricants discuss internal and external balance: internal lubrication reduces viscosity, external lubrication prevents mold sticking; insufficient internal lubrication can lead to decomposition, insufficient external lubrication makes the mold surface rough, and excessive lubrication can cause frosting.

◆ Recycled material needs accounting: Some of the antioxidant and toughening agent in the recycled material have already been consumed. When the proportion of recycled material is high, they must be replenished proportionally, otherwise it will become more brittle with more recycling.

The skill of formulating modified plastics mostly lies in the additives, which account for just a few tenths to a few percent.

Standard package table for different substrates: taking the substrate to match the formula

Different resins have completely different habits of 'consuming' additives. The table below lists the standard additive packages for common substrates; new formulas should follow this as a base before making slight adjustments.

Substrate	Standard Additive Package	Key Reminder
PP	1010/168 Lubricant (optional nucleating/stabilizing/coupling)	The substrate that 'consumes the most additives,' outdoor parts have stable fill light
PA6/PA66	1098/168 Lubricant Desiccant	Be sure to dry before processing, as it easily absorbs water.
PC/ABS	PC-side antioxidant lubrication	PC is easily hydrolyzed, keep dry
PBT	Antioxidant, lubricant, end-capping/hydrolysis inhibitor	Easily thermally degraded, strictly control processing temperature
ABS	Antioxidant Lubrication	Heat resistance is average, mainly focused on temperature control

Don't just focus on the substrate grade when it comes to modification; most of the formula failures happen at the additives stage.

Treat this set menu as a starting point rather than an end point: it is the safety baseline for most standard products. Once customers put forward higher requirements—such as low VOC for automotive parts, weather resistance for household appliances, or food contact safety for children's products—add the corresponding additives on top of this baseline and re-run small-scale tests. Establish the baseline first, then add increments as needed; this is the most reliable approach for modified formulations.

Cost Perspective and Price Range: Where the Money Goes and How to Save

The total cost of additives accounts for about 1%-5% of the per-ton cost of modified plastics. It doesn't seem like much, but the internal cost structure varies greatly. Common additive price ranges (CNY/kg) are: Antioxidant 1010/168 around 30-60, HALS 944 around 60-100, silicone masterbatch around 25-45, coupling agent KH-560 around 40-80, compatibilizer PP-g-MAH around 15-35. The real cost drivers are those additives used in large amounts, such as flame retardants, toughening agents, and compatibilizers — they can be 5% to 30% of the formulation, and the unit price multiplied by the usage amount is the main cost.

The idea of saving money is not just to blindly choose low-priced additives, but to spend money where it matters: don't skimp on antioxidants and nucleating agents that are added in small amounts and determine performance; additives used in large amounts, such as flame retardants and toughening agents, are the key points for price negotiation. The following price range table will help you build a sense of cost.

Additive Category	Price range (CNY/kg, fluctuates with market conditions)	Cost Sensitivity
Antioxidant 1010/168	About 30-60	Low (add 0.2%-0.4%)
Light Stabilizer HALS944	About 60-100	Low
Coupling agent KH-560	About 40-80	Medium (by filler content)
Compatibilizer PP-g-MAH	About 15-35	Medium-high (add 2%-10%)
Silicone Masterbatch	About 25-45	middle
Flame Retardant/Toughening Agent	Varies greatly depending on the system	High (add 8%-30%, major part of ton cost)

As a channel that has long been engaged in various plastic additives and modified raw materials, Kolon New Materials covers multiple domestic and international brand sources, and can make category combinations according to the customer's actual formulations, calculating the cost structure per ton clearly before placing an order.

Whether the material is good or not, the additives will reveal the answer.

General Principles of Procurement and Compliance: Three Checks and One Record

The pitfalls in additive procurement often lie not in price, but in the batch and documentation. The general principle in the industry can be summarized as "three checks and one retention": checking batch stability (comparing multiple batches of the same grade), checking compliance documents (obtaining FDA, GB 4806, RoHS, REACH, UL yellow cards according to usage), and checking application validation (first conducting small-scale parallel comparisons before scaling up); The first retention is to archive each batch of COA and test reports so that any issues can be traced.

Channel selection similarly: whether the category is complete, the batch is stable, and the documentation is complete, far more important than the one or two yuan per unit price. Kelong New Materials can supply conventional categories stably, shipped according to customer-specified batches, with batch reports attached with orders. During selection, kilogram-level samples can be used first, with samples before ordering.

Additives do not stand at the forefront, but they bear the weight for materials through every aging and shock.

In-depth reading guide for each type of additive: in-depth as needed

This overview covers the "full picture," focusing on the mechanism of a specific additive category, quick checks by variety, substitution comparisons, industry scenarios, and selection lists. Please refer to the corresponding articles in this series: For weather resistance, see 01 antioxidant and 02 light stabilizer; For filling enhancement, see 07 coupling agent and 08 compatibilizer; For outdoor use, see 09 nucleation and 02 light stabilization; For safety parts, look at 10 flame retardants and 11 toughening agents; For recycled materials, look at 18 chain extenders and 20 deodorizing and desidual absorbers; For films, look at 19 smoothing and opening agents. Each article includes variety-specific parameters, substitution comparison tables, and FAQ.

Modification is the key to modifying and additives as the key.

For the course on additives, first build the framework and then pay close attention to details

When selecting additives, the biggest worry is patching things together—today you hear suppliers say this is good, tomorrow you see competitors use that, and the formula gets messier. Kolon New Materials' approach is to first help clients build the framework for 20 types of additives: which are mandatory, which are optional, and which have synergies or conflicts, sort them out, and then determine each brand one by one. Conventional additives can be supplied stably, with batch reports and compliance documents included, and samples can be shipped by kilogram during selection.

Last year, a factory in South China specializing in PP modification approached Colon New Materials, saying the return rate had never dropped. Manager Wu from Cologne categorized their return slips from the past six months by reason and found that 60% was due to the additive system—improper antioxidant blending caused yellowing, excessive lubricant led to frosting, and the light stabilizer only added UV absorbers without HALS. After reorganizing the formula, the return rate dropped from about 8% to nearly 2%. The boss said that if only they had known earlier, they would have gone through the additive system first, saving a car of money.

In your formula, are the additives just filler or selective?

Statement: The brand, trademark, and product name rights mentioned in this article belong to their respective original manufacturers. This article is a third-party material selection knowledge sharing. The grades, parameters, prices, certifications, and application cases mentioned in the article are for reference only. Please refer to the latest official data and batch inspection reports from each manufacturer. This article does not constitute any procurement or investment advice; readers are responsible for any actions based on them