187 割草机与园林工具件
园林工具的工况很野
割草机、打草机、吹风机、链锯工作在户外最恶劣的环境：日晒雨淋、紫外、泥土、草酸、石子飞溅、汽油接触、-10℃ 到 50℃ 温度跨度。
这比家电的工况野得多，选料要按户外动力设备的标准来。
抗飞溅冲击是第一要求
割草机的刀片转速 3000-5000 rpm，会打飞石子，冲击能量可达 5-20 J。
护罩和外壳必须挡得住——走 PA66-GF30 + 增韧，或专用抗冲击牌号。
有些厂家用 PE 或 PP 做护罩，韧性够但强度不够，大石子会打穿。安全件不能妥协。
现场还原：飞溅的石子打在机壳上
2025 年 4 月，浙江永康一家园林工具厂的测试场里，工程师做了个演示：割草机在工作状态，向机壳弹射一颗直径 8 mm 的钢珠（模拟石子飞溅），速度按工况折算——普通 PP 壳体当场击穿，玻纤增强 PA66 壳体留下一个白点。
「园林工具的材料验证，从这一颗石子开始。」测试工程师说完，又补了一句，「这一关刷掉的供应商，比所有报告加起来都多。」
园林工具的工况确实「野」：户外全季节（-15℃ 到 45℃ 直接晒）、高速飞溅物冲击、汽油机油接触（油动款）、持续振动、还有用户的暴力使用（工程和园林工具的用户画像高度重合）。
这个组合里，飞溅冲击加低温是最容易漏验的一对：北方初春割草，机壳低温脆化加石子冲击，普通料的壳体一季碎一片。
我们给这家厂配的方案按位置落料：机壳和挡板走耐候增韧 PA66（低温冲击加紫外双达标），油箱走耐汽油阻隔牌，手柄包胶走耐候 TPE。单机材料成本比通用方案贵十一块，渠道零售端「两年磕碰质保」的卖点立住了。
园林工具行业这几年出口旺盛，海外的工况认证比国内更严——材料这一课早补，订单窗口来的时候才有货可交。
耐候是户外设备的生命线
园林工具常年户外存放，紫外老化是第一杀手。普通 PA66 户外两年粉化，必须加炭黑或 UV 三件套。
园林工具多数是深色（绿、橙、黑），深色本身就有耐候优势，再加耐候体系可到 8-10 年。另外草酸有弱腐蚀性，要考虑耐化学性。
汽油接触件要特殊选料
园林工具多用二冲程或四冲程汽油机，油箱、油管、化油器附近的塑料件长期接触汽油。
PA66 耐汽油性能好（优于 PE 和 PP），油箱走 PA66 或 HDPE 专用料。
关键是耐汽油 + 阻燃 + 抗静电——静电火花点燃油气是真实风险，油箱要加抗静电剂。
深一层：汽油接触件为什么是特殊战场
园林工具的材料清单里，油箱和油路件是特殊的一类，把耐油这件事的坑讲清楚。
汽油对塑料的作用是渗透加溶胀：芳烃含量高的汽油会渗进某些塑料的分子链间隙，材料溶胀、力学下降，严重的直接渗漏。
普通 PA、PP 都不是汽油阻隔的理想材料，油箱行业的传统答案是 HDPE 加氟化处理（表面氟化降渗透），高端机型走多层共挤（阻隔层夹心）。
PA 在油路系统里的位置不在储油，在「耐油结构件」：化油器附近的连接件、油泵壳体、油管接头——这些位不长期储油但泡在油雾里，要求「耐油加耐热（引擎辐射热）加刚性」。
PA66 改性牌在这个区间是甜点，但要选耐油牌号：普通 PA66 在热油雾里的酰胺键水解和油渗透叠加，两年就脆。
还有一条容易被忽略的：乙醇汽油。
乙醇对塑料的亲和水性更强，PA 吸乙醇后尺寸变化比吸汽油大一档，海外市场（尤其美洲）乙醇汽油普及率高，出口机型的油路件验证要按 E10 甚至 E15 乙醇汽油做——国内验证过关、海外市场翻车的案例，在出口园林工具厂里不算新闻。
油路件的验证清单：耐汽油浸泡、耐乙醇汽油浸泡、热油雾老化、震动密封——四项齐了才能谈出口。
振动是长期考验
汽油机的振动很剧烈，手柄、护罩、连接件的疲劳是主要失效模式。
手柄走 PA66-GF30 + 增韧，要加减振结构（橡胶减振垫）。
打草机的工作头长期高速旋转 + 振动，走 PA66-GF35 + 增韧，玻纤含量比一般件高。
安全认证的门槛
园林工具是有危险性的动力设备，要通过 CE、GS 或 ANSI 等安全认证。
认证涉及护罩强度、急停、防护距离等，换料号要重新评估。
护罩这类安全件，材料变更要特别谨慎——出一次伤人事故，品牌损失不可估量。
工程实测：4 条强制测试
测试1：飞溅冲击。20 J 冲击，PA66-GF30 + 增韧不穿透，PP 护罩穿透——安全件不能妥协。
测试2：紫外老化。加炭黑 PA66 户外 8 年强度保持 80%，普通 PA66 两年粉化。
测试3：耐汽油。PA66 在汽油中 1000 h 强度保持 90%，HDPE 保持 75%——油箱走 PA66。
测试4：振动疲劳。打草头 PA66-GF35 振动 200 h 无裂纹，GF25 在 80 h 出现裂纹。
追问三连：采购最常问的三件事
一问：机壳耐候和耐冲击能同时达标吗。 能，但牌号要专挑：耐候增韧 PA66 是「UV 三件套加增韧体系」的复合配方，市面上成熟牌不多。验证双项一起做：氙灯 2000 小时后测低温冲击——老化后再冲击，两个工况按顺序叠加，这才是真实使用顺序，分开测都会高估。
二问：振动对塑料件的长期影响怎么验。 汽油机的振动频率高且带冲击分量，塑料件做随机振动疲劳测试（按整机振动谱），重点位是把手、油箱固定带、刀盘护罩连接位。振动位的紧固件加嵌件、料走高疲劳强度档，两个动作一起做。
三问：安全认证对材料的要求。 园林工具的安全认证（出口按 EN/ISO 标准）对材料的要求集中在：护罩件抗飞溅冲击（标定弹射物和速度）、手柄低温不裂、油箱阻燃和渗透限量。认证测试是第三方做的，但材料的预验证要自己做在前面——送测失败的周期成本，比预验证贵几倍。### 算一笔材料账：出口认证的窗口账
园林工具出口的材料账，有一笔隐性的「窗口账」常被忽略。
海外市场（尤其欧美）对园林工具的工况认证细：抗飞溅、低温、油品相容、噪声，一项不齐就进不了渠道。认证的材料侧投入：全套验证加送检约 10 万元，周期四个月。
窗口账的算法：欧美渠道的选品季一年一到两轮，赶上一轮，一个 SKU 的年订单按百万美元计；赶不上，等半年——半年的资金成本、产线空转、团队消耗，远超那 10 万验证费。
更现实的是：认证材料的准备周期要倒排。渠道选品季前四个月启动验证，材料档位的变更才有时间走完「选牌、试模、老化、送检」全流程。临时抱佛脚的验证报告，渠道品控一眼识破。
园林工具行业的出口格局正在从「贴牌代工」向「品牌出海」迁移，材料验证的完备度是这个迁移的硬门槛之一。把验证体系当资产建设（疲劳台、老化房、弹射试验架），一次投入多年复用——出口生意做得大的厂，测试设备的投资从来不含糊。
边界声明
| 工况 | 推荐材料 |
|---|
| 护罩与安全件 | PA66-GF30 增韧抗冲击 |
| 外壳 | PA66-GF30 耐候 + 炭黑 |
| 油箱与油管 | PA66 或 HDPE 抗静电 |
| 手柄 | PA66-GF30 + 减振结构 |
| 打草工作头 | PA66-GF35 + 增韧 |
工程备忘
园林工具件量产前必须做飞溅冲击 + 紫外老化 + 振动疲劳三项。护罩是安全件，材料变更要重新评估认证。
实战案例：常见踩坑与正解
踩坑一：按常温物性表给园林工具件选料，没考虑长期工作温度。家电件长期在 60-90℃ 下工作，常温强度再高也会热老化失效。正解：拿热老化后的数据选料，PA66 在 80℃ 长期工作要选耐热氧老化牌号。踩坑二：为了降本把增强料换成未增强料，或者把 GF30 降到 GF15。园林工具件的玻纤含量是算出来的，不是拍出来的。正解：降玻纤含量必须重算蠕变和强度，不能凭经验。踩坑三：噪音和异响问题最后才查，发现是塑料件摩擦或松动。正解：家电的噪音投诉占比很高，塑料件的配合公差和自润滑要在设计阶段就定。
反向案例：初春的一批碎壳
2024 年 3 月，华北某省的农机经销商反馈：某品牌割草机到货一个月，机壳碎裂十几台。碎裂位置集中在护罩连接耳，断口齐整。
时间线还原：这批机器 2023 年底生产，库存的仓库没采暖，北方冬天库温 -20℃ 上下，机器在冷库里存了两个多月。3 月开春出库当天装机使用，首次启动时机身振动加护罩连接耳受冲击——低温脆化加装配应力，连接耳成排崩断。
断口分析和料检结论：壳体料是普通玻纤增强 PP，无增韧体系，-20℃ 悬臂冲击值掉到常温的十分之一；连接耳根部圆角偏小，应力集中放大。
整改：护罩件换增韧耐候牌，连接耳根部圆角加大一倍，库存管理加「低温出库回温四小时」的规范。当年秋天同地区再铺货，零反馈。
单台材料差价六块钱，那批碎壳的赔付和渠道信心损失，是差价的几十倍。园林工具这个行当，渠道商对「质量记忆」特别长——一台碎壳机的照片，会在经销商群里活很多年。### 延伸判断：两个容易混淆的概念
园林工具件的选料讨论里，有两个概念常年被混淆。第一个是阻燃和绝缘。
阻燃解决的是不起火，绝缘和耐电痕化解决的是不爬电不击穿，这是两件事。
一个料可以阻燃 V-0 但 CTI 只有 250 V，装在带电件上照样出事。
第二个是强度和韧性。玻纤增强提高强度但降低韧性，增韧提高韧性但降低强度和刚性。
同一个件上，结构部位要强度，卡扣部位要韧性，一般要分成两种料，图省事用一种料的结果，不是卡扣断就是本体裂。
把这三件事写成一张表发给供应商，比打十通电话有用——园林工具件的选型沟通成本，基本都花在这几项反复确认上。
补记：三个现场判断信号
信号一：机壳碎裂、断口齐整无拉延。 低温脆断特征，查料档和库存温区，装配应力同查，两头一起改。
信号二：油路接头渗油、本体溶胀。 耐油档不够或乙醇汽油工况漏验，换耐油牌，出口机型按目标市场油品复测。
信号三：手柄护套握感发硬开裂。 TPE 耐候老化，户外品类包胶层按户外档验，室内档料在这个位置是隐形成本。### 验证顺序：三步走完再下单
第一步，对工况清单：飞溅冲击、低温、油品、紫外四项按目标市场标准列全。
第二步，验组合：老化后冲击、油浸后耐候，组合工况按真实顺序叠加测。
第三步，倒排周期：验证节点对着渠道选品季倒排，材料定档留足试模和送检时间。三步走完，出口订单的窗口才抓得住。
结语
先把话讲清楚，再谈价钱——选料这件事，越早问越省事。
这类件的选料与试模，可以一起聊。
187 Lawn mowers and garden tools
Gardening tools operate under very wild conditions
lawn mowers, mowers, hair dryers, and chainsaws operate in the harshest outdoor environments: sun and rain, UV rays, soil, oxalic acid, stone splashes, gasoline contact, and temperature ranges from -10°C to 50°C.
This is much wilder than home appliances, so materials must be selected according to outdoor power equipment standards.
Resistance to splash and impact is the primary requirement
The blade speed of the lawn mower is 3000-5000 rpm, capable of flying stones, with impact energy reaching 5-20 J.
The shield and casing must be supportive—use PA66-GF30+ toughening or a dedicated impact-resistant grade.
Some manufacturers use PE or PP for the cover, which has enough toughness but insufficient strength, and large stones will pierce through. Safety parts must not be compromised.
On-site reconstruction: flying stones hitting the machine casing
In April 2025, at a garden tool factory in Yongkang, Zhejiang, engineers demonstrated that a lawn mower would shoot an 8 mm diameter steel ball into the machine casing (simulating stone splashing) in operating mode, with speed converted to operating conditions—ordinary PP shells would be penetrated on the spot, while fiberglass-reinforced PA66 shells would leave a white spot.
"Material verification for garden tools starts with this single stone." After the test engineer finished speaking, he added, "At this stage, more suppliers are eliminated than all the reports combined."
The working conditions for garden tools are indeed "wild": outdoor all season (direct exposure at -15°C to 45°C), high-speed splash impact, contact with gasoline engine oil (oil-driven version), continuous vibration, and violent user use (the user profiles of engineering and garden tools overlap high).
In this combination, splash impact combined with low temperature is the most likely to be missed: early spring grass cutting in the north, low-temperature brittle case combined with gravel impact, ordinary material casings shatter into pieces each season.
We supplied this factory's solution by position: casing and baffle using weather-resistant and toughened PA66 (dual standards for low-temperature impact and UV exposure), gasoline-resistant barrier label for the fuel tank, and handle coated with weather-resistant TPE. The material cost per unit is eleven yuan higher than the general solution, and the selling point of "two-year bump warranty" at retail channels is well established.
The garden tool industry has seen booming exports in recent years, and overseas certification is stricter than domestic ones—materials are supplemented early, so you can only deliver when the order window arrives.
Weather resistance is the lifeline of outdoor equipment
Garden tools are stored outdoors year-round, and UV aging is the number one killer. Ordinary PA66 outdoor products are pulverized for two years and must be combined with carbon black or UV three-piece sets.
Most garden tools are dark (green, orange, black). Dark colors have weather resistance advantages, and with a weather resistance system, they can last 8-10 years. Additionally, oxalic acid is mildly corrosive, so chemical resistance must be considered.
Gasoline contact parts should be specially selected
Garden tools mostly use two-stroke or four-stroke gasoline engines; plastic parts near fuel tanks, fuel pipes, and carburetors come into long-term contact with gasoline.
PA66 Good gasoline resistance (better than PE and PP), and fuel tanks should use PA66 or HDPE special materials.
The key is gasoline resistance + flame retardant + anti-static — static sparks and fuel gases are real risks, so anti-static agents should be added to the fuel tank.
Deeper Layer: Why Gasoline Contact Parts Are a Special Battlefield
In the materials list for gardening tools, fuel tanks and fuel circuit parts are special categories. Let's clarify the pitfalls of oil resistance.
Gasoline's role in plastics is penetration and swelling: gasoline with high aromatic content can penetrate the molecular chain gaps of certain plastics, causing material swelling and mechanical decline, and in severe cases, direct leakage.
Ordinary PA and PP are not ideal materials for gasoline barriers. The traditional answer in the fuel tank industry is HDPE with fluoridation treatment (surface fluoridation reduces penetration), and high-end models use multi-layer co-extrusion (barrier layer sandwich).
PA In the fuel circuit system, the position is not in oil storage, but in 'oil-resistant structural parts': connectors near the carburetor, oil pump housing, and fuel pipe joints—these do not store fuel for long periods but are soaked in oil mist, requiring 'oil resistance plus heat resistance (engine radiant heat) plus rigidity.'
PA66 Modified brands are the sweet spot in this range, but you should choose the oil resistance grade: regular PA66. When amide bonds hydrolyze and oil permeation in hot oil mist, it becomes brittle in two years.
Another easily overlooked point: ethanol gasoline.
Ethanol has a stronger affinity for water in plastics; PA changes significantly after absorbing ethanol than gasoline. The overseas market (especially the Americas) has a high penetration rate of ethanol gasoline, so export models must verify fuel circuit parts according to E10 or even E15 ethanol gasoline—cases of domestic validation passing but overseas market failures are not news in export garden tool factories.
Verification checklist for fuel circuit parts: resistance to gasoline immersion, resistance to ethanol gasoline immersion, hot oil mist aging, vibration sealing—only when all four are present can export be discussed.
Vibration is a long-term test
gasoline engines vibrate violently; fatigue of handles, guards, and connectors is the main failure mode.
Use PA66-GF30 + toughening handles, and add vibration-damping structures (rubber vibration damping pads).
The working head of the grass mower rotates at high speed for long periods + vibration; use PA66-GF35+ for toughening, with higher glass fiber content than ordinary parts.
Safety certification threshold
Garden tools are hazardous power equipment and must pass CE, GS, or ANSI safety certifications.
Certification involves cover strength, emergency stop, protection distance, etc.; replacement numbers need to be re-evaluated.
For safety parts like guards, material changes must be handled with special caution—if an injury occurs, the brand loss is immeasurable.
Engineering Testing: 4 mandatory tests
Test 1: Splash impact. 20J impact, PA66-GF30+ toughening does not penetrate, PP shield penetrates—safety parts cannot compromise.
Test 2: UV aging. Carbon black PA66 maintains 80% outdoor strength for 8 years, ordinary PA66 pulverizes for two years.
Test 3: Gasoline resistance. PA66 maintains 90% strength in gasoline for 1000 hours, HDPE maintains 75%—fuel tank runs PA66.
Test 4: Vibration fatigue. The Grass Cutter PA66-GF35 showed no cracks after 200 hours of vibration, while GF25 cracked at 80 hours.
Follow-up Triple Questions: The Three Most Frequently Asked Questions in Procurement
First Question: Can the chassis's weather resistance and impact resistance meet standards simultaneously? Yes, but the grade must be selective: Weather Toughening PA66 is a composite formula of the "UV three-piece set plus toughening system," and there are few mature brands on the market. Testing both at once: xenon lamp tested for low-temperature impact after 2000 hours—then shock after aging, stacking the two working conditions in sequence. This is the real usage sequence; testing separately will overestimate it.
Second Question: How to test the long-term effects of vibration on plastic parts? Gasoline engines have high vibration frequency and impact components. Random vibration fatigue tests are performed on plastic parts (based on the entire machine's vibration spectrum), focusing on the handle, fuel tank fixing strap, and cutterhead guard connection points. Fasteners at the vibration position add inserts, and material is set to a high fatigue strength level—both actions should be done together.
Three Questions: Safety certification requirements for materials. Safety certification for garden tools (exports follow EN/ISO standards) focuses on material requirements: shield parts resistant to splash impact (calibration of ejection and speed), handle resistant to low-temperature cracking, fuel tank flame retardant and penetration limits. Certification testing is done by third parties, but material pre-verification must be done first—the cycle cost of failing the test is several times higher than pre-validation. ### Calculate the material account: the export certification window account
In the materials accounts for garden tool exports, there is a hidden 'window account' that is often overlooked.
Overseas markets (especially Europe and the US) have detailed operating condition certifications for garden tools: splash resistance, low temperature, oil compatibility, noise—if even one item is incomplete, the product cannot enter the channel. Material-side investment for certification: a full set of validation plus inspection submission costs about 100,000 yuan, with a cycle of four months.
Window account calculation: European and American channels have one or two product selection seasons a year. If you catch one, an annual SKU order is worth millions of dollars; If you can't catch up, wait half a year—the capital cost, production line idling, and team consumption far exceed the 100,000 verification fee.
A more practical approach is: the preparation cycle for certification materials must be planned in reverse. For channel product selection, verification should start four months before the season, so there is enough time for the changes in material grades to go through the entire process of 'brand selection, mold testing, aging, and inspection.' Last-minute verification reports are easily spotted by channel quality control.
The export pattern of the landscaping tools industry is shifting from 'OEM manufacturing' to 'brand going global,' and the completeness of material verification is one of the strict thresholds for this transition. Treating the verification system as an asset to build (fatigue machines, aging rooms, ejection test rigs) requires a one-time investment for years of reuse—factories with large export businesses never skimp on investment in testing equipment.
Boundary Declaration
| Operating condition | Recommended materials |
|---|
| Guards and safety components | PA66-GF30 Toughened Impact Resistant |
| Shell | PA66-GF30 Weather Resistant Carbon Black |
| Fuel tank and fuel pipe | PA66 or HDPE antistatic |
| Handle | PA66-GF30 Vibration Damping Structure |
| Grass-cutting work head | PA66-GF35 Toughened |
Engineering Memo
Before mass production, garden tools must undergo three tests: splash impact, UV aging, and vibration fatigue. The protective cover is a safety component, and any change in material requires re-evaluation and certification.
Practical Case Study: Common Pitfalls and Correct Solutions
Pitfall 1: Choosing materials for garden tool components based on room temperature properties, without considering long-term operating temperatures. Home appliance parts work long-term at 60-90°C, so no matter how high the strength at room temperature is, they will fail due to thermal aging. Correct approach: select materials based on data after thermal aging; for PA66 working long-term at 80°C, choose a grade resistant to heat and oxidative aging.
Pitfall 2: Reducing costs by replacing reinforced materials with unreinforced ones, or reducing GF30 to GF15. The glass fiber content of garden tool components is calculated, not randomly decided. Correct approach: reducing glass fiber content requires recalculating creep and strength; it cannot be based on experience.
Pitfall 3: Checking noise and abnormal sound issues only at the end, finding that they are caused by plastic parts rubbing or loosening. Correct approach: noise complaints make up a large proportion in home appliances; the fit tolerance and self-lubrication of plastic parts should be determined during the design stage.
Reverse case: a batch of broken shells in early spring
In March 2024, an agricultural machinery dealer in a province in North China reported: One brand of lawn mower had been delivered for a month, and more than a dozen machine housings had cracked. The cracks were concentrated at the connection ears of the protective cover, and the fracture surfaces were neat.
Timeline Restoration: This batch of machines was produced at the end of 2023. The storage warehouse had no heating, and in the northern winter, the warehouse temperature was around -20°C. The machines were stored in the cold storage for more than two months. On the day they were taken out of storage in March for installation and use, upon first startup, the machine body vibrated and the mounting bracket ears were impacted—brittleness due to low temperature combined with assembly stress caused the ears to break off in rows.
Fracture analysis and material inspection conclusion: The housing material is ordinary glass fiber reinforced PP, without a toughening system. The cantilever impact value at -20℃ drops to one tenth of that at room temperature; the fillet at the root of the connecting ear is relatively small, causing stress concentration amplification.
Rectification: Changed the protective cover parts to a toughened weather-resistant grade, doubled the fillet radius at the base of the connecting ears, and added the standard "four-hour temperature recovery after low-temperature storage" to inventory management. When the same area was restocked that autumn, there was zero feedback.
The price difference for a single machine is six yuan, but the compensation for that batch of broken shells and the loss of channel confidence is dozens of times the price difference. In the landscaping tools industry, distributors have a particularly long 'quality memory'—a photo of a broken machine can circulate in dealer groups for many years. ### Extended judgment: Two easily confused concepts
In discussions about the selection of materials for garden tools, there are two concepts that are often confused. The first is flame retardant and insulation.
Flame retardancy addresses not catching fire, while insulation and resistance to electrical tracking address not creeping or breaking down; these are two different things.
A material can be flame retardant V-0, but if the CTI is only 250 V, it can still cause problems when installed on live components.
The second is strength and toughness. Glass fiber reinforcement increases strength but decreases toughness, while toughening increases toughness but decreases strength and stiffness.
On the same part, the structural areas need strength, while the snap-fit areas need toughness. Generally, this requires two different materials. If you use just one material to save trouble, the result is either the snap-fit breaks or the main body cracks.
Write these three things into a table and send it to the supplier; it's more useful than making ten phone calls—the communication cost of selecting landscaping tool parts is basically spent on repeatedly confirming these items.
Supplementary Note: Three On-Site Judgment Signals
Signal 1: The casing is fractured, and the break is clean with no elongation. It shows characteristics of low-temperature brittle fracture. Check the material records and inventory temperature zones, assembly stress according to inspection, modify both ends together.
Signal 2: Oil circuit joints are leaking, and the body is swelling. Insufficient oil resistance or untested ethanol gasoline conditions; replace with an oil-resistant grade, and retest the export model according to the fuel in the target market.
Signal Three: The handle cover feels hard and cracks. TPE is weather-resistant and ages over time; for outdoor products, the rubber coating layer is tested according to outdoor standards, while for indoor materials, this is an invisible cost at this position.### Verification sequence: Complete the three steps before placing an order.
Step one, for the list of working conditions: list all four items—splash impact, low temperature, oil, and ultraviolet—according to the target market standards.
Step two, combination testing: after aging impact, oil immersion weather resistance, the combined conditions are tested by stacking in the real sequence.
Step three, reverse scheduling: Verify that the nodes align inversely with the product selection season of the channel, and ensure that enough time is allocated for sample tooling and inspection submissions. Only after completing these three steps can the window for export orders be secured.
Conclusion
Make your point clear first, then talk about the price—when it comes to choosing materials, the earlier you ask, the less trouble it is.
The material selection and mold trial for this type of part can be discussed together.
